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Veganism is a diet and lifestyle that seeks to exclude the use of animals for food, clothing, or any other purpose. Vegans endeavor not to use or consume animal products of any kind. The most common reasons for becoming a vegan are ethical commitment or moral conviction concerning animal rights or welfare, the environment, human health, and spiritual or religious concerns. Of particular concern to many vegans are the practices involved in factory farming and animal testing, and the intensive use of land and other resources for animal farming.
Vegan diets (sometimes called strict or pure vegetarian diets) are a form of vegetarianism. Properly planned vegan diets are healthful and have been found to satisfy nutritional needs. Poorly planned vegan diets can be low in levels of calcium, iodine, vitamin B , iron and vitamin D. Vegans are therefore encouraged to plan their diet and take dietary supplements as appropriate. Various polls have reported vegans to be between 0.2% and 1.3% of the U.S. population, and between 0.25% and 0.4% of the UK population.
History
The Vegan Society was founded in 1944 by Donald Watson and Elsie Shrigley, in response to the broadening of the term vegetarian to include the eating of dairy products. The first vegan society in the United States was founded in California in 1948 by Dr. Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz and was subsequently incorporated into the American Vegan Society after its founding in 1960 by Jay Dinshah. In 1984, a "breakaway" group from the Vegan Society, the Movement for Compassionate Living, was founded by former Vegan Society secretary Kathleen Jannaway to promote sustainable living and self-sufficiency in addition to veganism. Today, there are many vegan societies worldwide, including national societies in Australia, India, New Zealand, and South Africa. In 1993, the advocacy organization which would become Vegan Outreach was founded by Matt Ball and Jack Norris.
In 1994, the annual World Vegan Day was established on November 1 by the then President and Chair of the Vegan Society, Louise Wallis.
Definition
The word vegan was coined in 1944 by Donald Watson, who combined the first three and last two letters of vegetarian to form "vegan," which he saw as "the beginning and end of vegetarian." Vegan is pronounced /ˈviːɡən/ or /ˈvɛdʒən/ , although Watson considered the latter pronunciation to be incorrect. The Vegan Society defines veganism in this way:
he word "veganism" denotes a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude — as far as is possible and practical — all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of humans, animals and the environment. In dietary terms it denotes the practice of dispensing with all products derived wholly or partly from animals.
Other vegan societies use similar definitions.
Animal products
Main article: Animal productAn animal product is any material derived from animals. Notable animal products include meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, dairy products, honey, fur, leather, wool, and silk. Common animal products also include gelatin, lanolin, rennet, whey, casein, beeswax, isinglass, and shellac.
Animal products such as ground bone and powdered fish organs may be used in the production of a product although they may not appear as an ingredient in the final product. Many of these ingredients are obscure, may also have non-animal sources, and may not even be identified. Although the organisation Vegan Outreach has the opinion that "it can be prohibitively expensive and time-consuming to shun every minor or hidden animal-derived ingredient", the Vegan Society will not certify a product as vegan unless its production does not involve, or have involved, the use of any animal product, by-product or derivative.
Neither The Vegan Society or American Vegan Society consider the use of honey or other insect products to be suitable for vegans, but both Vegan Action and Vegan Outreach question the ethical basis of such a position and therefore regard the consumption of honey as a matter of "personal choice."
Demographics
Data regarding the number of vegans is available in some countries.
United States
A 2002 Time /CNN poll found that 4% of American adults consider themselves vegetarians, and 5% of vegetarians consider themselves vegans, which implies that 0.2% of American adults are vegans. In 2008, Harris Interactive conducted a survey for Vegetarian Times which indicated that approximately 0.5% of Americans identify as vegan. Harris Interactive also conducted surveys for the Vegetarian Resource Group in both 2006 and 2009 which listed specific foods and asked respondents to indicate which items they never eat, rather than asking respondents to self-identify as vegetarian or vegan. In 2006, 1.4% of respondents reported never eating meat, poultry, fish, seafood, dairy products, or eggs and were therefore essentially vegan in their eating habits. In 2009, 1.3% of respondents reported never eating these products, including 0.8% of respondents who also avoided honey. The 2006 survey found that about 1.4% of men and 1.3% of women have vegan diets. According to an Aramark survey, one of out every four college students in the U.S. is seeking vegan options on campus.
United Kingdom
In 2002, the UK Food Standards Agency carried out a National Diet and Nutrition Survey, which reported that 5% of respondents self-identified as vegetarian or vegan. Though 29% of that 5% said they avoided "all animal products", only 5% reported avoiding dairy products. Based on these figures, approximately 0.25% of the UK population follow a vegan diet. In 2005, The Times estimated there were 250,000 vegans in Britain, which suggests around 0.4% of the UK population is vegan. A 2007 survey for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs into the UK population's attitudes and behaviour towards the environment found that 2.24% of the population identified themselves as vegan. In the same study, vegetarians who did not also eat chicken or fish made up 2.7% of the population. The DEFRA study also indicated that slightly more men than women are vegan, that more vegans live in towns or cities than the country, and that people aged 16–29 were vegan more often than any other age group.
The Netherlands
The Netherlands Association for Veganism estimates there to be approximately 16,000 vegans in the Netherlands, or around 0.1% of the Dutch population.
Sweden
Various polls and research conducted during the 1990s put the overall percentage of Swedish residents being vegan at between 0.27% and 1.6%. A study of the eating patterns of 2,538 Swedish children of ages 4, 8 and 11 by the Swedish National Food Administration found that about 1% of the children were vegetarian, less than 1% were lacto-vegetarians, but found no children to be vegans. A 1996 study of over 67,000 Swedish students between the ages of 16 and 20 found 0.1% to be vegan, and found a particularly high concentration of vegans in Umeå where 3.3% of the students were vegan.
Norway
A 1996 study of 952 15-year old students in Bergen found 0.2% of females to be vegan, but found no male participants to be vegan.
Germany
The German Federal Study on Food-Consumption reported 0.1% of female and 0.05% of male participants to be vegan.
Ethics
See also: Animal rights, Ethics of eating meat, and Factory farmingThe central ethical question related to veganism is whether it is right for humans to use and kill animals. This question is essentially the same as the fundamental question of animal rights, so it has been animal rights ethicists who have articulated the philosophical foundations for veganism. The philosophical discussion also therefore reflects the division of viewpoints within animal rights theory between a rights-based approach, taken by both Tom Regan and Gary Francione, and a utilitarian one, promoted by Peter Singer. Vegan advocacy organizations generally adhere to some form of an animal rights viewpoint and oppose practices which violate these rights.
Philosophical foundations
Tom Regan, professor emeritus of philosophy at North Carolina State University, argues that animals are entities which possess "inherent value" and therefore have "basic moral rights," and that the principal moral right they possess is "the right to respectful treatment." Regan additionally argues that animals have a "basic moral right not to be harmed," which can be overridden only when the individual's right not
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